Introduction

1965: Xanadu

Ted Nelson: Link-based 'discrete hypertext' focus on the link. http://hyperfiction.org/texts/whatHypertextIs.pdf Xanadu, a (mainly) conceptual system for linking hypertext is based on transclusion: "In computer science, transclusion is the inclusion of part of a document into another document by reference. It is a feature of substitution templates. Some hypertext systems, including Ted Nelson's Xanadu Project, support transclusion. For example, an article about a country might include a chart or a paragraph describing that country's agricultural exports from a different article about agriculture. Rather than copying the included data and storing it in two places, a transclusion embodies modular design, by allowing it to be stored only once (and perhaps corrected and updated if the link type supported that) and viewed in different contexts. The reference also serves to link both articles." (Wikipedia)

1989: The World Wide Web

Tim Berners Lee: original web document: the two way link

Make distinction between conceptual/proposed WWW and actual WWW The Refback in bulletin boards. (vBulletin )

1999: The blogosphere

The blogosphere as a connected sphere through permalinks.

• 1999: First usage of the word blogosphere by Brad L. Graham at BradLands.com on September 10, 1999.

Goodbye, cyberspace! Hello, blogiverse! Blogosphere? Blogmos? (Carl Sagan: "Imagine billions and billions and billions of blogs.") - Brad L. Graham

• 2001: First claimed proposal of the word blogosphere by William Quick on December 30, 2001

I PROPOSE A NAME for the intellectual cyberspace we bloggers occupy: the Blogosphere. Simple enough; the root word is logos, from the Greek meaning, variously: In pre-Socratic philosophy, the principle governing the cosmos, the source of this principle, or human reasoning about the cosmos; Among the Sophists, the topics of rational argument or the arguments themselves. (The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language) - William Quick

The term resembles the older word "logosphere" (from Greek logos meaning word, and sphere, interpreted as world), the "the world of words," the universe of discourse. It also resembles the term "noosphere" (Greek nous meaning mind). - Wikipedia

A space with blogs versus a space of discourse made possible through blogging.

• Sphere visualization:
  

• Blogosphere visualization:
  

• Blogosphere visualization:
  

• Blogosphere visualization:
  

Five types of links

• 1. The permalink (post.title)
• 2. Citations (links in the post)
  • 1. Links to other blogs (links within the blogosphere)
  • 2. Links to other sites (links outside the blogosphere, eg news sites)
• 3. Linkbacks
  • 1. Trackback
  • 2. Pingback
• 4. Comments:
  • 1. Linked name (optional promotion of your site)
  • 2. Links in comments (recommendation)
• 5. Blogroll

1. The permalink

2. Citations

the no_follow issue.

3. Linkbacks

Trackback and Pingback used outside of the blogosphere in news sites, such as CNET (2004): http://news.com.com/TrackBack+and+Pingback+supported+by+CNET+News.com/2030-9368_3-5462850.html?tag=item "CNET News.com is pleased to introduce support for TrackBack? and Pingback as additional tools to help readers follow the flow of interactive content. Anyone linking to a CNET News.com story who sends the proper notification will get a link back in return." Proper notification = Trackback or Pingback. (Anno 2007 no Trackback or Pingback visible on CNET. They do however have Talkback, which is actually a comment. Blogs on bbc.co.uk don't have Trackback or Pingback (!)

Trackback

Interestingly, two-way links were the goal of early hypertext systems like Xanadu. Hypertext purists have celebrated trackbacks as a step towards two way links. But note that trackbacks are not properly two-way--rather, they are really (potentially) symmetrical one-way links that create the effect of two way links.

(O'Reilly)

4. Comments

5. Blogroll

Wikipedia

What links here

Literature

• Bush, Vannevar. 'As We May Think.' Atlantic Monthly, 176, 1 (July 1945) 101-108. http://www.theatlantic.com/doc/194507/bush
• O'Reilly, Tim. 'What Is Web 2.0.' 30 September 2005. http://tim.oreilly.com/pub/a/oreilly/tim/news/2005/09/30/what-is-web-20.html?page=3
• Nelson, Theodor. 'Xanalogical structure, needed now more than ever: parallel documents, deep links to content, deep versioning, and deep re-use.' ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR). Vol. 31, Issue 4 (December 1999) http://www.cs.brown.edu/memex/ACM_HypertextTestbed/papers/60.html
• Elmer, Greg. 'Re-tooling the Network: Parsing the Links and Codes of the Web World.' (2006). http://con.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/12/1/9.

Various

• 2waylink.html: History of the (two-way) link animation
• 2waylink.swf: History of the (two-way) link animation

Comments

* * what do the blog visualisations depict? Please insert links to the research leading up to those graphs.

• what about the two way link in wikipedia? -- ErikBorra - 18 Aug 2007 - 19:41

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